Factors Influencing How Children Behave And Act - 1633 Words

Terence Garvin English 4, 2nd A January 20, 2015 Mr. Cohen Senior Project The key factor in determining how children behave and act is a result of the environment in which they grow up in. Seemingly unimportant as it may seem, the environment has a dramatic influence on adolescents, witnessing improper or deviant behavioral traits can be critical towards their personality. Children are open minded and observe what goes on around them then imitate what the actions. Whether it is a physical or verbal exhibition children tend to pay close attention to things that are relatively new. As children interact with their environment, they learn problem solving skills, Critical thinking skills, and language skills according to (www.gdrc.org). The†¦show more content†¦Most families who are financially troubled live in poverty, rely on the welfare system to make up for discrepancies in career choices. Children who are raised in a state like this often turn to the streets to earn a income. The streets is a reference to crimes such as selling illegal drugs, guns , robbery, etc. In 1990, some 16.3%(1,749,343) of the total number of arrests in the United States were of youth 17 years of age and younger, and 5.5%(95,677) of these arrests were for violent crimes(www.Princeton.edu) One parent households typically affect children far greater since the child is raised by a single parent. According to (www.livestrong.com) the number of single parent houses continue to rise since the 2012 U.S census, which affect academics and social behavior. Most single-parent households are run by mothers, and the absence of a father --coupled with lower household income -- can increase the risk of children performing poorly in school (livestrong). On average the children may have males come and go out of their lives and tend to desecrate themselves as a result. The children feel not loved due to their father s absence and the lack of a father figure to guide them. Necessary this is not always a reaction from the child, some become more motivate from this fact. The biggest problem that affect children is poverty, poverty is the lowest social class that

The Conflict of Religion and Euthanasia Essay examples

The Conflict of Religion and Euthanasia There are a number of reasons why religious believers would be concerned regarding assisted suicide and voluntary euthanasia. The Church’s belief concerning this matter is that if G-d has given the gift of life then it should be â€Å"revered and cherished†. As far as the Church is concerned, the deliberate taking of human life should be prohibited, except in self-defence or defence of others. Many religious believers hold sincere belief that to actively seek an end to ones own, or another’s life would represent a lack of trust in G-d and to them, suicide or euthanasia is a sin. To Roman Catholics,†¦show more content†¦They may not even realise the true cause of their decision to allow voluntary euthanasia, as their motive may be the product of another influence or even their own confusion. The matter of money and inheritance is always a subject that comes under scrutiny during the process of a dying family member and there may be unscrupulous people within the family who simply wish to assist in the death of the patient in order to gain this inheritance earlier. Religious believers feel that we should trust the medical experts to preserve life and have faith in G-d to decide when we should die. Q2 i): Some religious believers are opposed to euthanasia. The Christian Church believes that through the Hospice Movement, which practices pain control and emotional and spiritual support is the most humane way to preserve life until it is the patient’s time to die. The Church believes that to deliberately kill a dying person is to reject them. Roman Catholics believe in the Sanctity Of Life, which states that the body is the temple of the Holy Spirit and so we must treat each human with respect and therefore life is intrinsically valuable. They would say, in argument against euthanasia, that Jesus suffered greatly on the cross and that by taking life you are not showing yourShow MoreRelatedEuthanasia: Murder or Mercy? Essay1665 Words   |  7 Pagesa way as to reach an impasse amongst two opposing parties. Euthanasia happens to be a topic that has been debated extensively for the larger part of the twenty-first century (Larue). Even the definition of euthanasia evokes mixed emotions: the act or practice of killing or permitting the death of hopelessly sick or injured individuals in a relatively painless way for reasons of mercy (Merriam-Webster). The struggle over whether euthanasia should be accepted as a common practice is majorly stimulatedRead MoreThe Euthanasia And Assisted Suicide1505 Words   |  7 Pageschild of the ill or elderly parent has to decide whether their mom or dad should go forward with active euthanasia, could also cause some issues amongst the family. Euthanasia and assisted suicide is a way for family members and friends to be able to say their goodbyes to their loved one and know that they won’t be suffering for much longer. First, this essay is going to explore what euthanasia and assisted suicide is, and what the laws are in Canada involving this topic. Secondly, this paper willRead MoreEuthanasia Is Not The Active Death Of A Patient1359 Words   |  6 PagesEuthanasia comes from the Greek words, Eu, meaning good, and thanatosis meaning death. This means ‘Good death,’ ‘Gentle and easy death.’ It is also the word has come to be used for ‘Mercy killing.’ In this sense Euthanasia means the active death of a patient. In today’s society euthanasia has become very controversial on whether or not it is classified as a good action to take for suffering patients of painful and incurable diseases or an irreversible coma. The video I just showed you was an adRead MoreIs Euthanasia A Lethal Injection?1269 Words   |  6 Pagesto death, veterinarians will inform the owner on options of euthanasia or â€Å"putting the pet to sleep.† While the owner officially has to make the decision of putting the pet out of it’s pain or misery with a lethal injection. In the case of humans, rather than animals, whether or not a lethal injection should be given is a highly argued ethical and economical matter. In this paper, peoples’ cultures and how they affect the view of euthanasia, will be discussed along with the cost of medical proceduresRead MoreA Brief Note On Euthanasia And Physician Assisted Suicide1656 Words   |  7 Pages Support the Right to Choose-Euthanasia Shawnna Meyer ENGL 111-02F Professor Heather Burford April 20, 2016 Situational Analysis: This essay is a formal academic manuscript that was written to provide personal bias about the topic of euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide. More specifically the essay addresses the religious aspects of this topic and what role it plays in the conflict. I, the author, am applying to the nursing school at IVY Tech. The audience for this piece ofRead MoreEuthanasia and the Americans Right To Die Essay706 Words   |  3 PagesEuthanasia and the Americans Right To Die ...no-one is truly free to live, until one is free to die. -Martin Luther King The issue of euthanasia has been hotly debated in America over the past several years. Like drug decriminalization and abortion, such personal liberty issues can be seen from a multitude of viewpoints, and public opinion varies widely. Recent events concerning euthanasia have brought this issue to a higher level of visibility and raised the publics awarenessRead MoreIs It Insane And Cruel?849 Words   |  4 Pagesworld to remove any age restrictions on the practice of euthanasia. Na, N. (2014, February 13). Belgium s parliament votes through child euthanasia. Retrieved November 16, 2015, from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26181615 Many stand points are taken when this topic of euthanasia is brought up. Medical, Political, as well as Religious. Some say this is a fair given right while others argue that is it insane and cruel. Child euthanasia has been put into affect to end poor quality of lifeRead MoreEuthanasia Is The Painless Killing Of A Patient1652 Words   |  7 Pagesto die in a painful manner and nobody wants to die if they feel they have not lived a fulfilled life. When looking at the word’s Greek origins - eu and thanatos, which together mean a good death, the idea of euthanasia is quite appealing. So what exactly is it? Euthanasia is the painless killing of a patient suffering from an incurable and painful disease or in an irreversible coma. Also called assisted suicide or physician-assisted death/suicide (often times simply referred to as justRead MoreIntroduction. Euthanasia Is A Unique Practice Of Ending1546 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Euthanasia is a unique practice of ending the life of an individual suffering from a terminal disease/illness or an incurable condition by means of using extraordinary medical treatment or lethal injection (TenHave Welie, 2014). The word euthanasia is derived from the Greek - eu, good, and thanatos, meaning death (Russell, 1997). However, some think of euthanasia as merely a mercy killing, while others see it as unjustified murder. Euthanasia is portrayed as a controversialRead MoreA Brief Look at Euthanasia1394 Words   |  6 PagesEuthanasia is the action of terminating the life of a suffering human, with the assistance of a qualified doctor. It ends the life of someone whose quality of life is low, or involves an extreme amount of pain. Therefore euthanasia is halting the suffering in a humane, dignified way. Death is a very private matter and is something dealt with differently among all people. Many aspects go into making a final decision such as finances, morals, religion, law, and family. These aspects can be used as

A Literature Review on the Proton Saga FLX Automative Relay Box Cover Free Essays

2.1Automotive relay box screen The merchandise chosen for this survey is relay box screen from Proton Saga FLX. A relay box screen are manufacture by utilizing injection modeling procedure. We will write a custom essay sample on A Literature Review on the Proton Saga FLX Automative Relay Box Cover or any similar topic only for you Order Now The map of this screen is to avoid the H2O from flow into the relay portion that located in goon of auto. Basically, the fictile portion of automotive usage plastic from thermosetting household. The polypropene ( PP ) stuff was choose to utilize in this undertaking. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1442590.001.png"/ Figure 2.1: Automotive relay box screen 2.2Material Polymer is a larger category of stuff that consist many little molecule known as monomer. In make up one’s minding to increase the quality in merchandise that produce in plastic industry, many manner is discover to increase the quality of merchandise. Type of fictile stuff is a 1 of solution in green goods a good quality so if take a incorrect stuff will do the quality of merchandise lessening. 2.2.1Polypropylene [ PP ] Harmonizing to Tripathi ( 2002 ) polypropene ( PP ) was found by G. Natta by following work from K. Zeigler by the polymerisation of propylene monomer in 1997. Polypropylene is manufactured by add-on polymerisation and in group of semi-crystalline thermoplastic. After last four decennary, polypropene is fictile stuff which is 3rd largest consumed after Polyethylene ( PE ) and Polyvinyl Chloride ( PVC ) . img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1442590.002.png"/ Figure 2.2: Polypropylene ( PP ) construction. Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2014/ra/c4ra01232a Advantage of polypropene ( PP ) : Low cost technology plastics Good chemical opposition Good detergent opposition Good weariness opposition Higher opposition temperature Good hardness, stiffness, strength Disadvantage of polypropene ( PP ) : The chief applications of polypropene ( PP ) in different market sectors in table below: sector Typical applications Automotive industry Radiator enlargement valve, battery instances, tool boxes, bumper screens, splash guards, maneuvering wheel screen, side strips Family good Video cassettes, baggage, bottle caps, nutrient processor lodging, bowls, pail, playthings Domestic contraptions Serve washer parts such as top frame, cellar, bath, extruded gaskets, H2O canal, etc. Refrigerator parts such as boxes, containers, shortss, canal, recess and mercantile establishment pipe Microwave oven cabinet, chainss and java shaper organic structure parts Electrical applications Cable covering, overseas telegram yokes and antenna constituents Table 2.1: Polypropylene ( PP ) in different sector. Beginning: Tripathi ( 2002 ) 2.3Injection Modeling Nowadays Injection casting is one of largest used in fabricating procedure by utilizing thermo-polymer and thermoset as stuff for fiction. A assortment of merchandise are manufactured by utilizing injection casting procedure because of flexibleness of merchandise end product. There are some of our day-to-day used merchandise that industry from injection procedure. For illustration compact phonograph record, toys, car bumpers, nomadic phone lodgings and tiffin boxes. Harmonizing Shin and Park ( 2013 ) the procedure of green goods some merchandise is requires three things which is injection-molding machine, natural plastic as a stuff, and cast in ( figure 2.3 ) . Injection casting is a reiterating procedure or cyclic procedure. Harmonizing Kennedy ( 2008 ) Injection modeling consists of four chief phase to finish the procedure to bring forth some merchandise in ( figure 2.4 ) . img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1442590.003.png"/ Figure 2.3: Injection modeling machine. Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.custompartnet.com/wu/InjectionMolding img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1442590.004.png"/ Figure 2.4: Four chief phase in injection casting procedure. 2.4Gate Gate placement is a chief of successful of injection modeling procedure. Gate is a like a valve for liquefied polymer through to the cast. The map of gate is really of import in injection modeling procedure to acquire a good quality of merchandise. Gate should be located at country that have less use emphasis in portion and at where decorative non really concern. If we choose a incorrect gate location the merchandise will do low quality and besides the defect will happen on the merchandise. The proper gate location can maximise quality of merchandise besides it can avoid defect to happen. Harmonizing Beaumont ( 2006 ) for gate locate at margin in a cast, more prefer use two-plate cold smuggler system. In extra, three-plate smuggler system can be used on gate that locate at inside margin. Thickness of portion is one of job in make up one’s minding location of gate. Normally merchandise have fluctuations in thickness which is thin and thick portion in one merchandise. The gate must be locate at thick portion foremost compare to thin portion. This will minimise existing of defect in merchandise such as sink and nothingness at thick part and besides uncontrolled of shrinking job. During make fulling procedure the thin portion will freeze-off anterior comparison thick portion. Logically, more force per unit area must be supplied to come in the cast if gate locate at thin portion and besides chance all pit to thick portion will be blocked because of flow of melt plastic already freeze. This will ensue shrinking at thick portion besides voids, sinks, and emphasis. The bing residue emphasis will take to warpage job in fictile portion. The location gate chosen must be in this standard Beaumont ( 2006 ) : Gate must be locate at thickest portion or subdivision ( To avoid sinks, shrinking, warpage and nothingnesss. ) To guarantee unvarying filling and packing gate must turn up at balance flow way See weld line on critical subdivision Locate at ease topographic point or subdivision for degating procedure The gate grade should non desert the visual aspect of merchandise Gate location will supply a type of gate will used Focus on length of flow through cast ( to guarantee adequate force per unit area to make full cast ) Know the maximal value force per unit area of clinch tonnage/mold can be covered The size of gate besides must be concern to acquire a good quality of merchandise. Gate size must be start by smaller size foremost and increase the size until a proper wadding in pit cast bend to constant. The form of merchandise besides ensuing in choice of where gate will turn up for better quality. For 3-dimensional form ( box or cup ) more prefer gate locate at centroid of cast. This will ensue the radial flow form on portion and the filling procedure more easier besides low defect will be. In the ( table 2.2 ) below show recommended forms and location of gate. characteristic Gambar dalam buku how to do injection casting Tgk Defense Intelligence Agency punya ayat balik Centric gate Small surface to volume ratio of round cross subdivision reduces heat loss and clash. Difficult machining operation in both mold halve needed. Centric place renders separation more hard and may necessitate station operation. Gate promote jetting Bizarre gate The bizarre place of the gate installations of machining. Ease of demolding and separation from casting is another advantage.gate opening aligned to a wall impedes gushing Table 2.2: Recommended forms and location of gate. Beginning: How To Make Injection Molds-Menges and Mohren ( 1993 ) Some merchandise will confront blush grade because of portion of the frozen tegument flow with melt plastic into pit during injection procedure. After the unwanted stuff jet into pit it will do gushing this stuff non remelt in the stuff that jet into pit. Beaumont ( 2006 ) said that gushing go on because of high speed from restrictive gate jet the stuff that non yet melt. To get the better of this job by follow the guideline for gate design feature in the ( table 2.3 ) below Menges and Mohren ( 1993 ) . Gate design Characteristic Gambar Tukar ayat sekali Gate should be positioned in such manner that no jetting can happen doing troublesome grade ; melt must encroach in wall or other obstruction If gate is machined merely into one cast half, cold â€Å"skin† may be carried into pit. This besides consequence in bloom Markss. Redress: a particular cold bullet good accepts cold stuff. Centric location of gate with disconnected passage and rough walls prevent conveyance of cold surface bed. Radius at passage causes laminar flow of thaw into pit and prevent jetting. Table 2.3: Guideline for gate design characteristic. Beginning: How To Make Injection Molds-Menges and Mohren ( 1993 ) The optimal size of gate depend on: Mold temperature Melt temperature Volume stuff to be injected into the feeling Modeling wall subdivision The flow feature of the stuff to be mold. 2.4.1Type of gate The chief intent of gate is to link smuggler to model pit during injection procedure. So gate have many type to carry through a different cast to accomplish a good form and quality of merchandise. Basically there are three common type of gate that normally used in injection casting procedure Crawford ( 1998 ) : Sprue gate Pin gate Side gate img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1442590.005.jpg"/ Figure 2.5: Three common type of gate normally used. Beginning: Plastic Engineering by Roy J. Crawford ( 1998 ) 2.4.1.1 sprue gate 2.5Cast Cast can be defined as a portion that act as to determine fictile stuffs. The major map cast to reassign as topographic point that melt plastic will reassign into cast to organize a coveted form and chuck out when thaw plastic bend to solid. Mold consist of nucleus and pit. Basically the pit side is a side that melt plastic will flux to cavity side from nose. Core side maps as defining and besides as expulsion system after melt fictile solidify. 2.5.1Single pit cast Process production of big portion normally differ with little portion in injection casting. Rees and Catoen ( 2006 ) said that big portion are molded utilizing individual pit cast. The production of larger portion are frequently non required in a larger measure. In extra, the building of individual pit cast usage simplest building with a simple injection method and simplest expulsion portion. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1442590.006.jpg"/ Figure: Single pit cast. ( Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ellmanbooks.com/sale-3136731-custom-single-cavity-plastic-mold-hot-cold-runner-injection-molding.html ) 2.5.2Two home base cast 2.5.3Three home base cast 2.6Variables in injection casting There some of variable that will play importance function in happening of optimal parametric quantity in injection casting procedure. The value of this parametric quantity will impact the quality of merchandise if non to the full function decently. Harmonizing to Rosato ( 2000 ) incorrect input of parametric quantity puting will take to quality of merchandise bad besides the preciseness will diminish besides will increasing the cost and clip of production. Four type of variables will used in injection casting procedure: The injection force per unit area The wadding force per unit area The mold temperature The thaw temperature 2.6.1Injection force per unit area The injection force per unit area is a most of import parametric quantity in successfully present a thaw plastic to whole mould portion. The thaw plastic is force through the nose and present to model infinite. The job during bringing of thaw plastic, the stuff fast cooled if contact with mould surface will traveling and it causes defect if fictile non filled decently with adequate force per unit area. If force per unit area low the thaw plastic non fulfilled mould infinite and high force per unit area besides can do overpacking on merchandise. 2.6.2Packing force per unit area Packing force per unit area is a force per unit area that map to avoid a thaw plastic flow back out of mold infinite during injection modeling procedure. Packing force per unit area besides act as secondary force per unit area phase. 2.6.3Mold temperature Mold temperature is one of of import to see in during injection modeling procedure. Temperature of cast are of import in concluding portion that required surface of merchandise smooth and in good status. If mold temperature low, it will do melt fictile hard to make full besides lead to increasing of injection force per unit area. The cast with higher temperature will cut down emphasis in cast while make fulling procedure and the surface coating will better. 2.6.4Melt temperature Melt temperature known as temperature of fictile stuff to run before injection procedure. A to Higher temperature will do polymer will alter their belongingss. Melt temperature will consequence on the viscousness of thaw plastic that will through mold infinite by bringing system. Parameter Value Injection force per unit area 100-130 MPa Packing force per unit area Mold temperature 15-65OC Melt temperature 230-275OC Table 2.4: Parameter of injection casting for polypropene ( PP ) . ( Beginning: Rees and Catoen-Selecting Injection Molds ( 2006 ) ) 2.7Defect Plastic injection casting is an effectual industry in production of plastic. In industry universe, the merchandise green goods are non in one hundred per centum ( 100 % ) in good quality production. Even in injection casting procedure besides have a same job in quality of merchandise based on defect occurred. 2.7.1Weld line Weld line normally occur during the mold filling procedure when thaw plastic flow in mold form and recombined at terminal of pit or downstream location. The surface of merchandise will look like cleft of the shaped portion and if many weld line exist in merchandise it will considered low quality merchandise. The presence of weld line ever occur in plastic cast production and it will failure the merchandise if used in structural applications due to diminishing strength at weld country. Weld line can split into two ( 2 ) types which is butt dyer’s rocket and meld dyer’s rocket. Butt weld occurred when thaw plastic going with antonyms way and meet. Other weld line exist when involve extra flow when thaw plastic have recombined in mold pit. This dyer’s rocket called meld dyer’s rocket. But most normally exist dyer’s rocket is butt dyer’s rocket because it cause most jobs. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1442590.007.png"/ Figure: formation of weld line. ( Beginning: Santa Clara University – Engineering Design Center ( 2006 ) ) Gambar butt dyer’s rocket and canasta line Harmonizing Malloy ( 2010 ) the weld line exist can be overcome by consider in procedure: Increase thaw and cast temperature Increase velocity of injection Increase clip and retention force per unit area Mold design must be recheck 2.7.2Shrinkage Shrinking occurred during chilling clip. Shrinking happen when thaw plastic flow in cast that indirect contact with cold cast. Harmonizing Beaumont ( 2006 ) shrinking have many job and it may impact the warpage, residue emphasis and portion size. In other words, shrinking is a volume decreases as plastic cools and solidified. Pressure of expulsion to take portion from nucleus of cast will increase because of shrinking because alteration in form or warpage. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1442590.008.jpg"/ Figure: Shrinking exist at thick portion lead to warpage job. ( Beginning: Santa Clara University – Engineering Design Center ( 2006 ) ) Malloy ( 2010 ) said shrinking can be avoid by: Keeping force per unit area must high plenty but low plenty to avoid of over packing go on that can take to high degree residue emphasis Preferable gate at thickest subdivision foremost compare to thin because it enable packing at thick subdivision. Thick portion hard to chill and pack because its return longer clip to chill From Beaumont ( 2006 ) , the shrinking can be observe by utilizing different type of stuff and it’s for mention intent merely in considered shrinking defect. Table 2.5 at below show the type of polymer shrink way flow and it mean shrinkage value. Material Thickness consequence induces shrinking Average additive shrinking midst ( 3mm + ) thin ( lt ; 3mm ) Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene isotropic parallel* 0.0043 Personal computer isotropic parallel* 0.0057 PS parallel* parallel** 0.0035 Polyvinyl chloride perpendicular* perpendicular* 0.0044 HDPE parallel* parallel** 0.0234 PP isotropic parallel* 0.0133 NYLON 66 perpendicular* parallel** 0.0162 Definitions: Parallel- polymer shrivel more analogues to way of flow Perpendicular- polymer shrivel more perpendicular to way of flow Isotropic- additive shrinking independent of flow way *Low degree of orientation consequence **Medium degree of orientation consequence ***High degree of orientation consequence Table 2.5: Type of polymer shrink way flow and mean shrinking value. Beginning: Beaumont ( 2006 ) 2.7.3Sink grade Sink grade are imperfectnesss of the merchandise that exist during injection procedure. Rees and Catoen ( 2006 ) said that during injection procedure, hot plastic through the thick portion in cold cast wall. The thaw plastic to the wall and solidify foremost while melt plastic fluxing in cast. This causes melt fictile hard to finish fill in pit and causes of bing sink grade. Sink mark expression like a little hole or depressions. Normally appear at intersections of rib and wall or at thickest subdivision. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1442590.009.jpg"/ Figure: Sink mark exist on plastic. ( Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.reblingplastics.com/quality.htm ) The option to get the better of: Increase injection force per unit area Increase cast temperature Reduce injection velocity Air trap After injection procedure, the thaw plastic will get down excessively solidified in the cast. The air occurred during chilling phase because of air trapped in liquefied plastics. This will make an empty infinite within the portion and consequence the quality of merchandise. The solution to get the better of this job by increased the keeping force per unit area. 2.7.5 warpage 2.8Design of experiment ( DOE ) Mention [ 1 ] DRM Associates, 2007.Injection Moulding Glossary. [ on-line ] Available at: lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.npd-solutions.com/injectmouldglos.html gt ; [ Accessed 5 September 2010 ] P. K. Kennedy,Practical and Scientific Aspects of Injection Molding Simulation, chapter 2, Technische Universities Eindhoven, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, 2008 M.C. Huang and C.C. Tai, â€Å"The effectual factors in the warpage job of an injection-molded portion with a thin shell feature† ,J. Mat. Proc. Tech., vol. 110, 2001, pp. 1–9. D.V. Rosato, M.G. Rosato, â€Å"Injection casting handbook†Massachusetts: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sabic-ip.com/gep/Plastics/en/ProductsAndServices/ProcessingUsingIMDDetail/mold_temperature.html hypertext transfer protocol: //mould-technology.blogspot.com/2007/12/injection-molds-classification.html hypertext transfer protocol: //books.google.com.my/books? hl=en A ; lr= A ; id=nxYuCCGQ7Z0C A ; oi=fnd A ; pg=PP2 A ; dq=Crawford, +R. , +1998.+Plastic+Engineering, +3rd+ed.+Oxford: +Butterworth+ % E2 % 80 % 93+Heinemann A ; ots=ZtSIW48je8 A ; sig=sKQ9yVYTxsXYqQ2cS — ohC4Pq_g # v=onepage A ; q=type % 20of % 20gate % 20 A ; f=false ( roy j. Crawford ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dc.engr.scu.edu/cmdoc/dg_doc/develop/process/physics/b3500001.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //www.reblingplastics.com/quality.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dc.engr.scu.edu/cmdoc/dg_doc/develop/trouble/weldmeld/f6000001.htm How to cite A Literature Review on the Proton Saga FLX Automative Relay Box Cover, Essay examples

Individual Organizational Problem Analysis †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Individual Organizational Problem Analysis. Answer: Introduction An organization consists of many factors, such as, the human resource, functionality, capability, process dynamics, and many more. The organizational behaviour, culture, hierarchy and leadership of the management influence the performance of the organization. These can influence the performance of the organization in a positive as well as in a negative way. The following essay focuses on various aspects of an organization, from where problems can arise, and reflects upon the different dimensions through annotated bibliography. 5 scholarly articles are reviewed here to reflect upon different organizational problems through the viewpoints of the authors. The fundamental concept of this article is to analyze the ways of sharing of the governing knowledge in organizations. This also includes the different levels for analyzing, mechanisms of governance and directions of research. In the context of different ways for analyzing organization, the authors have explained that, organizational analysis represents the method of reviewing the organizational development, workplace environment, personnel and the operations of an organization. The analyses of an organization should be conducted on a regular basis as it helps in identifying the inefficiencies or shortfall of the business that have emerged in the system and find out ways to resolve them. The structure and design of the organizational system and how it affects the production capacity and functionality of the organization are the focus of the analyses of the organization. The authors in this book have also noted down different ways for analyzing organizations and those are, Strategic T riangle Model, SWOT analysis, McKinsey 7s Model, Rational Model, Natural System Model, Sociotechnical Model, Cognitive Model and Meta Model. These are different models that analyses the functionality of an organization. The book also addresses another important factor in organizational analyses, namely, Organizational Network Analysis (ONA). This represents the process of studying the formal organizational communication for developing a pattern of information flow and collaboration among vital groups. Organizational behaviour represents the study of the behaviour of individuals or groups within an organization. This includes their attitude, understanding, communications and actions. The authors in their paper have analyzed the individual and group behaviour within an organization. The organizational behaviour is an important factor in deterring the organization culture and it affects the performance of the organization. The authors cited from Leigh Thompson that organizational behaviour is the study of the patterns of thoughts, behaviour and feelings of the individuals and the groups within the organization, and how these are influenced by the actual, imagined and implied presence of other people. They have depicted that individuals are the foundation of any organization; hence, their characteristics form the organizational characteristics. Contradiction arises when the needs of the individuals differ from that of the organization. Groups are formed by individuals. They have their own structure, functionality, leaders and hierarchy. The group pressure influences the capabilities and performance of the individuals in the group. The organizational structure is formed to create a relationship between the individuals and the groups to achieve the goals and objectives of the organization. The authors have taken 87 samples for meta analysis process and examined the relationships within the five factor model on organizational citizenship behaviour and personality traits. Organizational effectiveness refers to the concept of the efficiency of achieving the desired outcome of an organization. The key areas of organizational effectiveness are talent management, organizational structure and design, leadership development, measurement design, change implementation and transformation, applying smart technology for managing a firms human resources and achieving the goals of the organization. The authors have focused on the importance of individual and group behavior in achieving the efficiency of an organization in their journal publication. The behavior determines the organizational culture. If there is a positive vibe among the management and employees, a healthy relationship develops and the employees are motivated to perform well. In the situation of increasing competition, a healthy work environment is necessary for growth and the individual and group behavior influence this culture. The individual influence of the leaders of an organization on the eff iciency and effectiveness of business strategies is determined by the values. The behavior of people also affects the stability, credibility, and variability of the internal and external environmental factors of an organization. This was tested by the authors through a sampling of 40 top level managers or organizational founders. The authors also examined different types of organizational culture that may exist in an organization and its effects on organizational efficiency and effectiveness. An organization runs on various dynamic processes. There are power, politics, conflict, decision making and change that affect the operations of an organization. In this context, Thomas, Sargent and Hardy (2011) have published a paper on managing the organizational change and the dynamic processes that exist within an organization. The above mentioned dynamics are very important in an organization, as those influence the hierarchies and organizational culture. Every organization has a political pyramid, which is the foundation of hierarchy. In this pyramidal structure, the organizations provide scope for career development and also provide a platform for expressing individual motives and interests. The opportunities of career development, specifically at the high managerial positions, majorly depend on the accumulation of political power within the organization and the ability of transforming the individual interests into influential activities. With this structure, the competition f or power arrives in the organization. Since, scarcity exists in the economy, a person cannot gain power just by asking for it, rather he has to compete and sometimes participate in the organizational politics to be able to gain a position. Similarly, the conflicts in the organizations can happen between the teams or between the management and the employees, and this hampers the operations of a business. People, who get involved in the internal conflicts, cannot perform efficiently and that affects individual as well as organizational performance. The decision making policies are also important factor in an organizational process. The direction of the activities and production process is controlled by the decision making abilities of the organization. The authors have focused on identifying two different patterns in organizational negotiations, which are constituted by specific communicative practices adopted in the organization. They have also focused on how changes can be implement ed and how it can affect the business operations. The managerial roles and leadership play a very major role in organizational performance. Yafang Tsai has illustrated in his paper (2011) the relationship between organizational culture, leadership behavior and job satisfaction that, the management of an organization has the major power in motivating the employees and improving the performance of the individuals as well as of the organization. The author have focused on various aspects of organizational culture, leadership in an organizational and performance of the employees and also addressed how these aspects are connected. Organizational culture refers to a set of rules that directs the behavior of the employees through attitude, words, interpersonal relationships, and it also includes leadership, because, it helps in shaping the future of the organization. A good relation between these factors ensures increased productivity of the employees. Depending on the organizational structure, a suitable leadership style is followed. The author has also cited that, when an organization has good managers and good leaders, then the employees are influenced positively and motivated to perform well. The leaders through their charismatic capability influence the people to push themselves to perform better. At the same time, when an employee performs well, he gets recognition and thereby his job satisfaction increases. To prove his point, Tsai has conducted a cross sectional study and performed a quantitative analysis. It has been found from the study that the leadership has a very important influence on the job satisfaction of the employees in the organization. When the leaders take the effort to make a communication with the employees, they feel motivated to perform better and their job satisfaction increases. Overall Summary And Conclusions From the first source, it can be found that, there are various ways for analyzing the organizational behavior and operations, and several models have been made for that purpose. The key factor of the above mentioned book is that, the authors have focused on the research of knowledge process and role of the organization in the process of governing knowledge. However, the review provides little support for proposing the mechanisms of formal governance in the organizations. Among different ways of analyzing organizations, the authors focused on only one type for governance knowledge sharing mechanism. From the second source, it can be stated that, according to the authors, the individual behavior depends on the persons ability and motivation to perform. This behavior influences the group behavior, which in turn influences the organizational culture. For detailed analysis, the authors used meta analysis tests by taking 87 samples and investigated the relationships among the five factor model on personality traits and organizational citizenship behavior. According to the third source, the effectiveness of organization has been focused on by the authors. There are many key areas in the organizational operations, which help in achieving the efficiency. The authors have addressed the importance of individual and group behavior in achieving the efficiency of an organization in the journal publication. It has been found that, individual behavior directs the group behavior, which in turn determines and directs the organizational behavior. On the other hand, the group behavior influences the individual behavior, especially for the new employees. The authors have examined this by using a sampling of 40 managers, supervisors and organizational founders. This publication is helpful in evaluating the effect of peoples behavior on the effectiveness of an organization. They have found through data analysis that organizational behavior and culture are related to some of the dimensions of organizational effectiveness. The fourth source addressed that there are various dynamic processes that control the organizational behavior as well as the problems in the organization. Those processes include power, politics, conflict, decision making and change in the system. Through power, politics, conflict and decision making, there can be huge change in the organization. At the same time, when required, many changes need to be implemented in the organization strategies, to grow in the industry. This is also a dynamic process in the organizational structure. The authors have depicted the effects of changes on the organizational behavior. Thus, this paper is useful to gain an insight about various dynamic processes within an organization that influence the operations. Finally, the last source has addressed the very important relationship between the cultures of the organizational, leadership and job satisfaction of the employees. The authors have shown that these elements are inter-related. A good relation between these factors ensures increased productivity of the employees. Depending on the situation and organizational culture, the managements chooses a suitable leadership style, such as, transformational or charismatic. Through efficient leadership, employees can be motivated to perform well. The author has used scientific data analysis to support his notion. It has been found from the study that the leadership has a very important influence on the job satisfaction of the employees in the organization. Thus, it can be concluded that through annotated bibliography it is easier to explain a concept of the subject. Through the publication of various authors, a particular topic can be referred to explain. In this paper, various concepts of organizational aspects are explained by using annotated bibliography. Various scholarly articles were reviewed to throw a light on the authors perspective to understand the topic in a better way. It has been found that, there are multiple ways of analyzing organizations, individual and group behavior and its effects on organizational culture, various process dynamics and leadership and job satisfaction factors are all important aspects, which can influence the organizational performance. References Akta?, E., iek, I. and K?yak, M., 2011. The effect of organizational culture on organizational efficiency: The moderating role of organizational environment and CEO values.Procedia-Social and Behavioural Sciences,24, pp.1560-1573. Chiaburu, D.S., Oh, I.S., Berry, C.M., Li, N. and Gardner, R.G., 2011. The five-factor model of personality traits and organizational citizenship behaviours: a meta-analysis. Foss, N.J., Husted, K. and Michailova, S., 2010. Governing knowledge sharing in organizations: Levels of analysis, governance mechanisms, and research directions.Journal of Management studies,47(3), pp.455-482. Thomas, R., Sargent, L.D. and Hardy, C., 2011. Managing organizational change: Negotiating meaning and power-resistance relations.Organization Science,22(1), pp.22-41. Tsai, Y., 2011. Relationship between organizational culture, leadership behaviour and job satisfaction.BMC health services research,11(1), p.9 Foss, N.J., Husted, K. and Michailova, S., 2010. Governing knowledge sharing in organizations: Levels of analysis, governance mechanisms, and research directions.Journal of Management studies,47(3), pp.455-482. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2009.00870.x/full Chiaburu, D.S., Oh, I.S., Berry, C.M., Li, N. and Gardner, R.G., 2011. The five-factor model of personality traits and organizational citizenship behaviours: a meta-analysis. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2011-12684-001 Akta?, E., iek, I. and K?yak, M., 2011. The effect of organizational culture on organizational efficiency: The moderating role of organizational environment and CEO values.Procedia-Social and Behavioural Sciences,24, pp.1560-1573. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S187704281101620X Thomas, R., Sargent, L.D. and Hardy, C., 2011. Managing organizational change: Negotiating meaning and power-resistance relations.Organization Science,22(1), pp.22-41. https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/orsc.1090.0520 Tsai, Y., 2011. Relationship between organizational culture, leadership behaviour and job satisfaction.BMC health services research,11(1), p.98. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3123547/

Euthanasia Essays (350 words) - Euthanasia, Medical Ethics

Euthanasia Euthanasia Euthanasia is just another word for ?mercy killing? as some people put it but it also means good death. I look at it as more of a good death if it is performed with the right procedures and if a person has a legitimate reason to be put to death but many people would not agree with me that it should be legal. There are several categories of euthanasia but in general they are all somewhat alike, the kind I think should be allowed and not looked bad upon to give the doctors that assist in the death is voluntary euthanasia. If a person has a terminal illness and wants to put them selves to death because they are suffering I feel that they should be allowed to do that under some certain circumstances. For instance if a person is constantly in pain or has a very bad health condition that is only making their life a living hell they should be allowed to have a doctor help them to their death so they can be put out of their misery. Also the doctors that help the ill to their death should not be perceived as bad people or murders because if a person has a good reason and wants to die I think that they should be given that right as long as it is not used as an easy way out of hard times or troubles. If you think about it why should a person not be allowed to die in a humane manner with the help of doctor if they are really suffering because if they really want to die then they can do it themselves which is called suicide but I feel that voluntary euthanasia is a much better way to be put to death. Their will always be pros and cons of euthanasia but I think that when a person makes the decision themselves and asks a doctor for help it should be legal if the person is mentally stable and has a good reason or reasons to want to end their life. Book Reports

How Oprah Winfrey Overcame Failure

How Oprah Winfrey Overcame Failure Imagine being born in rural 1950s Mississippi to an impoverished teenage mother. Imagine suffering abuse from the age of 9, then running away from home at 13, only to become pregnant at 14 and lose your first child. Now imagine you’re Oprah. Sound implausible? It’s actually true. Oprah was able to turn the tables on this disastrous upbringing, but it took guts and grit. She moved to Tennessee to live with her father, and began to excel in school. She did well in speech and debate. She even won a state beauty pageant. All while working part-time reading news for a local radio station until she could earn a scholarship to college at Tennessee State.In college, this wounded girl became a powerhouse of a woman. She majored in communications, and landed her first post-graduation job at a Nashville station. That turned into a bigger gig with an ABC affiliate in Baltimore. Soon after that, she was hired as a primetime news co-anchor, an incredible feat considering she was a yo ung, black woman in an era where old, white men made and enforced all the rules.There was a publicity campaign before her debut. The network wanted to broaden their viewership. Suddenly, Oprah Winfrey was thrust into the spotlight with high expectations. She was set up for failure. When the show failed, she was blamed- and not her old, white, male co-host. She was demoted to a writing and reporting gig, but was a slow writer and too caring for the kind of hard-nosed reporting required. (On one notable occasion, she was so moved by the plight of a family who had lost their things in a fire, that she donated some of her blankets and supplies to them, drawing flack from her boss.)Even Oprah herself looks back on these years as a failure. But she did not give up. Instead, she took stock of the situation, realized that, while she loved television, she preferred human interest stories to hard news. And while she loved hosting, she had to have significant chemistry with a co-host to make t hat relationship worthwhile.Eventually, all of this soul-searching paid off. She took a job co-hosting a show called People are Talking with Richard Sher. To anyone else, this would have been considered a step down. But Oprah made lemonade. The show was successful enough to run for five years, after which Oprah was recruited to host a morning talk show in Chicago. That show became a household name. And Oprah became an international sensation.What Oprah had was a unique combination of empathy, determination, and the ability to keep moving forward when all else had fallen apart. Her ability to excel in business while not being business-oriented is a marvel. Moral of the story? Have passion, believe in your dreams, believe in yourself even when no one else does, and keep going when hope is lost. Don’t be afraid to fail.Oprah Winfrey: A Profile in Failure

Military History Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Military History - Research Paper Example Lynn (51) attributes this phenomenon to limited objectives in addition to lack of effective military weapons and hardware. Moreover, the military command structure was uncoordinated or non-existent which made launching a large-scale military operation a formidable challenge. Combination of these factors resulted into limited notable military conflicts until 1793, when French Revolutionary War started in Europe (Cummings, 1). According to Bruce et al (632), monarchs owned armies a situation that restricted military operations to regions under the jurisdiction of the rulers. The size and the objectives of the military depended on the intentions of the rulers and the public was not actively involved in making important decision pertaining to the role of military. In order for frequent military wars to occur, Bruce et al (636) argued that the â€Å"geographical, technological and political factors that make offensive operations less costly and more effective stimulate more intense secur ity competition, which increases the likelihood of wars†. These factors were conspicuously absent or uncoordinated to stimulate military operations. ... spreading across continents and large regional frontiers as evidenced by French Revolution Wars that spread into various continents from the last decade of eighteenth century. Therefore, acquisitions of resources for the existing dynasties rather than ideological pursuits were the major strategic goals of wars in eighteenth century. The French Revolution War that broke in 1789, for instance had been preceded by aggressive territorial expansion of France in Europe (Lynn, 62) Eighteenth century witnessed a striking change in organization of people in the society. Historians consider the century as a period of â€Å"enlightenment†, which saw a paradigm shift in the ways in which people conducted different activities including wars (Cummings, 2). The three elements of enlightenment, which included rationalism, individualism and relativism, became influential factors that defined and determined military aggression (Cummings, 2). The three elements of enlightenment discouraged milit ary aggression because of the subsequent destruction and loss of human lives (Cummings, 2). Therefore, enlightenment promoted pacifism and complete withdrawal from war like activities. Economic interests and individualism played a critical role in defining political considerations of wars during the period. According to Delbruck (33), participation of monarchs, the owners of the armies in trade and other commercial activities discouraged their military organizations from engaging in intense and large-scale battles. The costly nature of wars was against the rulers’ economic interests because military mobilization utilizes substantial financial and human resources in addition to disrupting normal activities in the society (Delbruck, 60). In this regard, it was in the best interests of monarchs to

The Novels Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Novels - Essay Example But The Underdogs was the one & only exception. The reader experiences Azuela’s heartbeat & his emotional pathos while reading this mind boggling work of fiction. The novel is highly pragmatic as it depicts the misery of a war ravaged Mexico, while concentrating on the pivotal character of ‘Demetrio Macias’. Azuela attempts to scrutinize the traits of the revolution as a magnamous social event & an unstoppable force which is so strong that it drags all the folks around it within its gravitational order-defining the actions of each of the characters. The novel as per its subtitle represents a chronology of ‘pictures of the revolution’ that displays its force & human qualities, as they shattered the age old static character of the Mexican social infrastructure. The dynamism & the influential idiosyncrasies of the lead character Demetrio motivated large numbers of dreamy individuals who pondered over the idea of an egalitarian social structure post revol ution (Azuela, 15-25). But unfortunately, all the dreams were not destined to become true. The aftermath of Mexican revolution was equally sordid. Gross disruptions, anarchy, & statelessness became the order of the day. Several novels were framed on the morbid atmosphere of the post revolutionary era, which contradicted the very ‘idealistic approach’ of Azuela. Nevertheless, Underdogs can be estimated as a burning memento of the revolutionary history of Mexico (Azuela, 18-29). It can be easily concluded that Azuela was statistically the first Mexican novelist who grasped the ‘reality of the revolution’. The distinguishing characteristic of Underdogs is that reality & fiction comes together as an inseparable force to cast away the reader. The naturalistic fatalism in this novel remains as an intoxicating quotient. The protagonist Demetrio Macias is coerced into the revolution as a means of defending his own existence. He ends his life story where it began,

Assignment 2 Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assignment 2 - Article Example The Four Seasons Hotel and Resort provides the quarterly report for all the stakeholders as a means of reporting their performance. Through this report, the company tries to let its shareholders know how they have performed for the past time. The key matrixes provided are meant to compare the company’s performance presently with the previous year’s performance. After making their comparison, investors can therefore begin to gauge the financial credibility of the company (Weygandt and Jerry 32). This determines for the investors whether or not the company deserves their investment. The company provides the report to show to their stakeholders such things like; their earnings per share, their net income as well as their earnings from continuing net sales and operations. The report also demonstrates to the investors that they are really achieving their goals by displaying the present cost of each share and the profits obtained. The investors aim at making investments in a performing company. This is therefore demonstrated through the quarterly report of the company. According to the report, one region shows a greater performance of financial growth than the others. Each region’s financial growth is determined by several factors. Management in each region is one of the key factors that would determine the financial growth of the region. Poor management of funds would lead to the regions failure in achieving its set goals for their financial growth. The availability of stable investors would as well contribute to the financial growth rate of a region. If there are poor investors who invest small amounts of funds with the company, the company is likely to register low growths in its resources. High demand would also contribute to high growth rates. If the company has marketed its opportunities well, it attracts more investors. The region would register high financial growths in the regions where labor and cost pressures are relatively low. Safety of a region may also determine the financial growth rate of a particular company. In a place of high crime rates, the financial growth is lower while it is highest in regions of high security. Group meetings did not improve in the quarter while Las Vegas market was exceptional. This was because January and February are not strong months for business or groups and meetings demand. Cost management and revenue improvements increased while there was the continued pressure on profit margins as a result of higher cost mainly relating to worker’s compensation Health care insurance and energy. Groups and meeting were therefore considered unnecessary by many stakeholders. Lack of much commitment to working on them resulted to the lack of improvement (Weygandt and Jerry 34). Incentive fees increased by twenty five percent in the first quarter as compared to the previous time and were attributable to an improvement in gross profits at the properties under management in all regions. The increase could be as a result of more consultants who required ideas and information on improving their programs due to lack of demands during the months of January and February. This did not make the bottom line for all four seasons Hotel due to the changing demand by investors. â€Å"Other income† is the income generated from activities that are not carried out in the normal course of the company’

Teenage Pregnancy Adverse Reproductive Outcomes Health And Social Care Essay

Teenage Pregnancy Adverse Reproductive Outcomes Health And Social Care Essay Teenage pregnancy is a critical public health issue in both the developing and developed world. It has been thought to have an intrinsic effect on the infant and maternal morbidity and mortality statistics worldwide. In its publication, the State of the Worlds Children report, UNICEF stated that worldwide over 500,00 women of all age groups die yearly and 70000 females aged 15-19 years would die during child birth [1] . Currently, evidence of causal hypothesis is conflicting and inconclusive as to whether adverse outcomes are the result of immaturity of the reproductive system or attributable to other socio-demographic characteristics of adolescents .A study demonstrated that majority of pregnant adolescents had no source of income and lacked health insurance [2] .Teenagers were also found to be more likely to be single, less educated and receive or attend insufficient antenatal care when compared with older mothers [3-5] . Fraser et al conducted a large population-based study which showed that pregnancy in adolescence was associated with an inherently increased risk for obstetric and neonatal outcomes [6] .However, some other studies demonstrated a lack of association attributing the outcome to social factors. This article aims to review, critically appraise, and synthesise evidence from original publications of observational studies on the relationship between teenage pregnancy and adverse reproductive outcomes. It focuses mainly on prematurity, low birth weight and route of delivery as there are a myriad of adverse birth outcomes-maternal: preeclampsia, anaemia, premature rupture of membranes (PROM), perineal tears, instrumental delivery, caesarean delivery and infant-related complications: prematurity, low birth weight, intrauterine growth restriction, small for gestational age, perinatal morbidity- attributable to teenage pregnancy and there is strict limitation on the article word count. Methodology: literature search and selection of studies A literature search on teenage pregnancy and adverse reproductive outcomes of primary studies published in the last 10 years was carried out .Included studies were journal articles published in the English language-this limitation confers some degree of bias to the review. Epidemiological evidence for this review is defined as observational studies- cross-sectional surveys, case-control studies, retrospective cohort studies and prospective cohort studies. Database searching of Medline (U.S. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland) and Embase (Elsevier) was conducted using the following keyword phrases and related terms as search terms teenage pregnancy or pregnancies, adolescent pregnancy or pregnancies and pregnancy outcome, adverse reproductive outcomes and related terms(refer appendix 1). The Medline search yielded 110 articles but reviewing the abstracts showed only few of the studies met the inclusion criteria or were readily available online or in print. A similar search conducted on the Embase database yielded less promising results. Additional journal articles were located by reviewing cited references and citation tracking of some of the selected studies. The related article or similar article feature of some journals was used to identify similar studies and their abstracts were reviewed to check if they met the selection criteria. Case studies, case reports, editorials, and reviews were excluded from the search. Selection criteria To be included in this review, the selected studies had to meet the following criteria: -teenage pregnancy is defined as pregnancy in young women under 20 years -women above 35 years old were either excluded from or treated as an independent category in the study as they are known to have high obstetric risks -must demonstrate some statistical description and /or analysis of confounding variables in the association between teenage pregnancy and adverse reproductive outcomes -should have some comparative element in which teenagers are compared with a suitable reference category -outcome measures include at least two of the following: prematurity preterm delivery, Caesarean section (CS), low birth weight (LBW), infant mortality, neonatal mortality, perinatal mortality, maternal mortality, severe anaemia, preeclampsia and eclampsia -a significance assessment can be made either by using p-values or confidence intervals Table 1:Characteristics of selected studies Authors Publication year(Study period) Setting Study design Sample size Age of teenage subjects(years) Outcome measures of interest Confounding variables considered Other study characteristics Ekwo and Moawad [3] 2000(1989-1995) U.S.A Hospital based retrospective cohort 6,072 3 groups-=15,16-17,18-19 20-24 as reference group Preterm birth, low birth weight Maternal smoking, drug abuse, insurance status, adequacy of prenatal care, median family income, marital status Primaparous black women , singleton pregnancies Bukulmez et al [7] 2000(1990-1998) Turkey Hospital-based matched case-control study 4,470(1,490 cases,3980 controls) Cases:15-19 controls:20-34 stratified during analysis as =17,18-19,20-34 Low birth weight, preterm delivery, pregnancy induced hypertension(preeclampsia, eclampsia),LBW, Antenatal care, gravidity, parity, Singleton pregnancies, subjects matched on marital status, socioeconomic class and ethnicity-white married women of high social status Jolly et al [4] 2000(1988-1997) United Kingdom Hospital based retrospective cohort 341,708

Les Miserables, Theme (forgiveness, Self Sacrifice, And Courage) :: essays research papers

â€Å"It is precisely of him that I wished to speak. Dispose of me as you please; but help me first to carry him home. I only ask that of you.† Upon examination of Les Miserables, it is clearly evident that the elements of Forgiveness, Self – Sacrifice, and Courage are only a few of the main themes Hugo wanted to develop. First off, is the element of forgiveness. In a book of mistrust, poverty, and hate†¦forgiveness thrives in the world of Les Miserables. The first example of this was at the very beginning, when Jean Valjean stayed with the bishop. Valjean stole his silver†¦and ran off. He ends up being caught by police, but when the police questioned the bishop, he claimed to have given the silver to Valjean. Jean was confused†¦and the bishop claimed that with the silver, he had purchased the convicts soul, and had given it to God, and from that day forward, Valjean must be a good man. Another example of forgiveness goes two ways. Javert, in his relentless pursuit of Valjean, is captured by revolutionaries. In reward for saving the lives of a few of these revolutionaries, Valjean asks for, and gets, permission to take Javert outside, and kill him. Once outside, a small monologue occurs†¦and Valjean releases Javert, and lets him go free. Valjean just wanted to be left alone in peac e, and hoped this act of kindness would change Javert, and make him realize that Valjean was no longer the man he was. The second way†¦is that in the end, after Javert finally captures Valjean, he lets him go. Since Javert had broken the law†¦ that he loved so dearly, he kills himself shortly thereafter, by jumping into a river. Secondly, we come to the element of Self-Sacrifice. This is also another widely used theme in Les Miserables. One such example of this element is with Valjean. He lets Marius and Cosette marry, and for a while, he seems all right with that fact. Later on however, he goes to Marius, and confesses to his past. He tells Marius his whole story, and thinks it best if he never sees Cosette again. Marius agrees†¦but allows Valjean the occasional visit. Only at the end, does Marius realize what a good man Valjean is†¦and by then it was too late. Valjean dies shortly after Marius and Cosette visit him to ask him to come back and live with them. Les Miserables, Theme (forgiveness, Self Sacrifice, And Courage) :: essays research papers â€Å"It is precisely of him that I wished to speak. Dispose of me as you please; but help me first to carry him home. I only ask that of you.† Upon examination of Les Miserables, it is clearly evident that the elements of Forgiveness, Self – Sacrifice, and Courage are only a few of the main themes Hugo wanted to develop. First off, is the element of forgiveness. In a book of mistrust, poverty, and hate†¦forgiveness thrives in the world of Les Miserables. The first example of this was at the very beginning, when Jean Valjean stayed with the bishop. Valjean stole his silver†¦and ran off. He ends up being caught by police, but when the police questioned the bishop, he claimed to have given the silver to Valjean. Jean was confused†¦and the bishop claimed that with the silver, he had purchased the convicts soul, and had given it to God, and from that day forward, Valjean must be a good man. Another example of forgiveness goes two ways. Javert, in his relentless pursuit of Valjean, is captured by revolutionaries. In reward for saving the lives of a few of these revolutionaries, Valjean asks for, and gets, permission to take Javert outside, and kill him. Once outside, a small monologue occurs†¦and Valjean releases Javert, and lets him go free. Valjean just wanted to be left alone in peac e, and hoped this act of kindness would change Javert, and make him realize that Valjean was no longer the man he was. The second way†¦is that in the end, after Javert finally captures Valjean, he lets him go. Since Javert had broken the law†¦ that he loved so dearly, he kills himself shortly thereafter, by jumping into a river. Secondly, we come to the element of Self-Sacrifice. This is also another widely used theme in Les Miserables. One such example of this element is with Valjean. He lets Marius and Cosette marry, and for a while, he seems all right with that fact. Later on however, he goes to Marius, and confesses to his past. He tells Marius his whole story, and thinks it best if he never sees Cosette again. Marius agrees†¦but allows Valjean the occasional visit. Only at the end, does Marius realize what a good man Valjean is†¦and by then it was too late. Valjean dies shortly after Marius and Cosette visit him to ask him to come back and live with them.